Research areas
I am an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of St Andrews, where I completed my PhD in Computer Science. My research sits at the intersection of Human--Computer Interaction, computer vision, and trustworthy AI, with a focus on gaze estimation, gaze interaction, and eye-movement analysis for interactive systems. I develop robust sensing and interaction methods for mobile and wearable devices, combining technical model development with human-centred evaluation. My long-term goal is to democratise reliable eye tracking in everyday settings and to translate gaze and multimodal behavioural sensing into practical, secure, and socially beneficial digital technologies.
Personal site: www.gazelei.dev
Selected publications
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Open access
Investigating bystander privacy in Chinese smart home apps
He, S., Wang, X., Lei, Y., Zhang, C., Abu-Salma, R. & Such, J., 13 Apr 2026, Proceedings of the 2026 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI'26). Oliver, N., Shamma, D. A., Candello, H., Cesar, P., Lopes, P., Bozzon, A., Kosch, T., Liao, V., Ma, X., Artizzu, V., Draxler, F., López, G., Reinschluessel, A. V. & Tong, X. (eds.). New York, NY: ACM, 24 p. 583. (CHI conference proceedings).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
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Open access
The people’s gaze: co-designing and refining gaze gestures with users and experts
Lei, Y., Gong, X., He, S., Wang, Y., Khamis, M. & Ye, J., 13 Apr 2026, Proceedings of the 2026 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI'26). New York, NY: ACM, 23 p. 676. (CHI conference proceedings).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
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Open access
"These cameras are just like the Eye of Sauron": a sociotechnical threat model for AI-driven smart home devices as perceived by UK-based domestic workers
He, S., Lei, Y., Zhan, X., Abu-Salma, R. & Such, J., 27 Feb 2026, 2026 Network and distributed security system security symposium, proceedings. Reston, VA: The Internet Society, p. 1-15 15 p.Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
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Open access
Exploring the privacy and security challenges faced by migrant domestic workers in Chinese smart homes
He, S., Zhan, X., Lei, Y., Liu, Y., Abu-Salma, R. & Such, J., 25 Apr 2025, Proceedings of the 2025 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI '25). Yamashita, N., Evers, V., Ding, X., Lee, B., Chetty, M. & Toups-Dugas, P. (eds.). New York: ACM, p. 1-18 18 p. 920Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
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Identity deepfake threats to biometric authentication systems: public and expert perspectives
He, S., Lei, Y., Zhang, Z., Sun, Y., Li, S., Zhang, C. & Ye, J., 7 Jun 2025, arXiv, p. 1-21, 21 p.Research output: Working paper › Preprint
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MAC-Gaze: motion-aware continual calibration for mobile gaze tracking
Lei, Y., Zhao, M., Wang, Y., He, S., Sugano, Y., Khamis, M. & Ye, J., 28 May 2025, arXiv, p. 1-24, 24 p.Research output: Working paper › Preprint
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Open access
Privacy perspectives and practices of Chinese smart home product teams
He, S., Lei, Y., Zhan, X., Zhang, C., Ye, J., Abu-Salma, R. & Such, J., 6 Jun 2025, arXiv, p. 1-19, 19 p.Research output: Working paper › Preprint
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PTGaze: cross-domain gaze estimation via proxy tuning
Wang, Y., Yan, R., Lei, Y. & Fu, X., 25 May 2025, Proceedings of the 2025 symposium on eye tracking research and applications (ETRA). Sugano, Y., Khamis, M., Chetouani, A., Sidenmark, L. & Bruno, A. (eds.). New York: ACM, p. 1-2 2 p. 60Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution
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Open access
Quantifying the impact of motion on 2D gaze estimation in real-world mobile interactions
Lei, Y., Wang, Y., Buchanan, F., Zhao, M., Sugano, Y., He, S., Khamis, M. & Ye, J., 14 Feb 2025, arXiv, p. 1-27, 27 p.Research output: Working paper › Preprint
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Open access
An end-to-end review of gaze estimation and its interactive applications on handheld mobile devices
Lei, Y., He, S., Khamis, M. & Ye, J., 1 Feb 2024, In: ACM Computing Surveys. 56, 2, 38 p., 34.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review