THE MENTAL WORLD OF THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE COLLECTIVE

IN ENGLAND, 1550-1800 [MO3015]

 

Professor R. A. Houston

 

Semester 2, 2003-4

 

 

COURSE SUMMARY: Men, women and children in pre-industrial England lived in a very different world from their twentieth century counterparts. Life was insecure, painful and short; understanding of nature was rudimentary by modern standards; belief systems were very different. The material and intellectual environment produced distinctive and fascinating attitudes. By examining the way people thought and acted - about (for example) death; being young or old, male or female; about the material and the spiritual context; about themselves and about those around them - we can recreate the distinctive and changing mental world of the English as individuals and as a society.

 

GENERAL READING

 

WRIGHTSON, K., English society, 1580-1680 (1982. 2nd edition 1993).

WRIGHTSON, K., Earthly necessities. Economic lives in early modern Britain (2000).

SHARPE, J. A., Early modern England. A social history, 1550-1760 (1987).

REAY, B., Popular cultures in England, 1550-1750 (1998).

COWARD, B., Social change and continuity: England, 1550-1750 (London, 1988. Revised edition, 1997).

PORTER, R., English society in the eighteenth century (1982. 2nd edition 1990).

RULE, J., Albion’s people. English society, 1714-1815 (1992).

HOUSTON, R. A., The population history of Britain and Ireland, 1500-1750 (1995).

 

These texts will provide you with background to the course. All are available in paperback. Because of the innovative and sometimes challenging nature of this honours course it is not reasonable to expect that a simple summary will be available. You will not be able to rely on these books to the exclusion of those listed below, and there is no substitute for extensive reading of the set items in the full bibliography. You must avoid trawling the library catalogue for items which may seem relevant and then using them simply because they are available. The reading list below has been chosen for its quality and its focus on the themes of the course. Other items may be less helpful than they appear, and may indeed be misleading. If in doubt, ask me.

SEMINARS, ESSAYS, READING

 

 

The course runs for ONE semester. Classes will be held weekly in room 1.10, St Katharine’s Lodge on Mondays between 1pm and 3pm. Three marks are required for continuous assessment.

 

1) ONE word-processed seminar paper of no more than 2,000 words is required. You will be asked to pick your own essay at the meeting in week 1. Your paper should be handed in with one sheet of A4 summarising it, which you can then talk to during a 15 minute presentation in the seminar. You may also wish to include tables, graphs, or images when you hand in your work. These can be xeroxed and distributed in class. Each paper will be handed in before the seminar and marked. Unless otherwise specified in writing the deadline for written work for the seminar will be noon on the Wednesday before, to allow time for me to mark the essay. Papers handed in after the deadline for the relevant seminar inconvenience the tutor and disrupt the class. School regulations (see website below) state that late work will be penalised. Your marked essay will be left in an envelope in the student pigeon-holes by 9am on Monday prior to the relevant seminar unless I say otherwise.

 

2) TWO article or book-chapter summaries of no more than 800 words each. You will be assigned these summaries to complement the title of your essay; they are on a related (but distinct) topic to the week’s seminar paper. Deadline: noon on the Wednesday before. Return as above.

 

3) The remaining one third of the class work mark is made up of two components based on oral assessment. The presentation of your class essays will be assessed by the rest of the group and a mark awarded in collaboration with the tutor (half of the third mark). You will get feedback on a special form immediately after the class. The tutor will also award a mark for class participation during the semester (the other half of the third mark). You will receive comments on your performance on an essay return form or by email at the end of the semester.

 

MARKING:

 

Criteria for the marking of essays are the same across the School and can be found on the following web page, where you should follow up the links under ‘Permission to Proceed’, ‘Attendance’ and ‘Assessment’:

http://www.st-and.ac.uk/academic/history/information/

 

Oral presentation of essay is assessed on the following criteria:

·        structure of presentation

·        coherence and cogency of argument

·        sharpness of focus

·        originality of approach

·        quality of verbal and non-verbal delivery

·        answering questions

 

Oral participation in seminar discussion throughout the course is assessed on the following criteria:

·        relevance of contributions

·        quality of insight

·        evidence of depth and breadth of reading

·        historiographical awareness

·        clarity of expression

·        regularity of contributions

·        ability to listen and respond to other views

 

Course work makes up a total of 40% of your mark for the module. The other 60% is generated by a three-hour exam at the end of the semester in which you will be required to write on three out of the nine essay questions set.

 

When preparing for the exam, you should consult past papers, bearing in mind that both the topics of individual seminars and the sorts of literature and questions addressed in them change from year to year. You will be examined on the syllabus for this year.

 

Availability: other than at the weekly seminars, the best way to contact me is by email (rah@st-and.ac.uk) - rarely should you have to wait more than a few hours for a reply. I do not hold formal tutorial times: meetings, if required, can be arranged for any time by mutual agreement.

 

Please note that I do not lend out my books or offprints unless an item is annotated thus: “[from RAH]”.

WEEK

 

1. introduction and organisation

 

2. family

ESSAY - Why was the family such an important institution in early modern England?

SUMMARY – O’Hara 1991. Tadmor 1996.

 

3. class and orders 1

ESSAY - Was early modern English society based on orders or classes?

SUMMARY – Thompson 1978. Wrightson 1986.

 

4. class and orders 2:

ESSAY - What forces helped to create a ‘middle class’ in post-Restoration England?

SUMMARY – Kent 1999. French 2000.

 

5. age

ESSAY - What do high rates of suicide among the young and the old tell us about the experience of age in early modern English society?

SUMMARY – Cunningham 1990. Thompson 1991, ch. 8.

 

6. gender 1: being female

ESSAY - What criteria did contemporaries use to judge female status in early modern England?

SUMMARY - Underdown 1987. Ingram 1994.

 

7. gender 2: being male

ESSAY - Was ‘being a man’ different for eighteenth-century English males from what it had been in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century?

SUMMARY – Herrup 1996. Trumbach 1991.

 

Easter vacation

 

8. systems of belief: religion, magic, and astrology

ESSAY - How and why did the cosmology of English people change between c.1650 and c.1750?

SUMMARY – Guskin 1981. DeWindt 1995.

 

9. risk

ESSAY - How did standards of proof change in English law and science between 1600 and 1800?

SUMMARY – Worden 1985. Gaskill 1996.

 

10        consumption and the world of goods

ESSAY - Was there an ‘industrious revolution’ in early modern England?

SUMMARY – Finn 1996. Finn 2000.

 

11        personal gain and the public good

ESSAY - How important was morality to economic affairs in early modern England?

SUMMARY – Sreenivasan 1991. Macfarlane 1978, ch. 4.

 

12        student revision - no class

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

 

CLASS

BARRY, J. and BROOKS, C. (eds), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics in England, 1500-1800 (1994).

BORSAY, P., The English urban renaissance: culture and society in the provincial town 1660-1770 (1989).

CLARK, P., British clubs and societies 1580-1800: the origins of an associational world (2000).

CORFIELD, P. (ed.) Language, History and Class (1991), chs. 2, 5.

EARLE, P., The making of the English middle class: London, 1660-1730 (1989).

FRENCH, H. R., ‘“Ingenious & learned gentlemen”: social perceptions and self-fashioning among parish elites in Essex 1680-1740’, Social History 25 (2000), 44-66.

FRENCH, H. R., ‘Social status, localism, and the “Middle Sort of People” in England, 1620-1750’, Past & Present 166 (2000), 66-99.

FRENCH, H. R., ‘The search for the “middle sort of people” in England, 1600-1800’, Historical Journal 43 (2000), 277-93.

HUNT, M. R., The middling sort: commerce, gender and the family in England, 1680-1780 (1996).

KENT, J. R., ‘The rural “middling sort” in early modern England, c.1640-1740: some economic, political and socio-cultural characteristics’, Rural History 10 (1999), 19-54.

ROGERS, N., ‘Money, land and lineage: the big bourgeoisie of Hanoverian London’, Social History 4, 3 (1979), 437-54.

SEED, J., ‘From “middling sort” to middle class in late-eighteenth and early nineteenth-century England’, in M. L. Bush (ed.), Social orders & social classes in Europe since 1500 (1992), 114-35.

THOMPSON, E. P., ‘Eighteenth-century English society: class conflict without class?’, Social History 3 (1978), 133-65.

WASSON, E.A., ‘The penetration of new wealth into the English governing class’, Econ. Hist. Rev. 51 (1998), 25-48.

WOOD, A., The politics of social conflict: the Peak Country, 1520-1770 (1999).

WRIGHTSON, K., ‘Class’, in Armitage, D. and Braddick, M. J. (eds), The British Atlantic world, 1500-1800 (2002), 133-53.

WRIGHTSON, K., ‘The social order of early modern England: three approaches’, in L. Bonfield et al, (eds.), The World We Have Gained (1986).

 

AGE

BEN-AMOS, I.K., ‘Service and the coming of age of young men in seventeenth-century England’, Continuity and Change 3 (1988), 41-64.

BEN-AMOS, I.K., ‘Women apprentices in the trades and crafts of early modern Bristol’, Continuity and Change 6 (1991), 227-52.

BEN-AMOS, I.K., Adolescence and youth in early modern England (1994).

CAPP, B., “English youth groups and the Pinder of Wakefield”, Past and Present 76 (1977), 127-133.

CAPP, B., When gossips meet. Women, family, and neighbourhood in early modern England (2003), ch. 4, 8.

CLARK, P. and SOUDEN, D. (eds), Migration and society in early modern England (1988).

CLARK, P., “Migration in England during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries”, Past & Present 83 (1979), 57-90.

CUNNINGHAM, H., “The employment and unemployment of children in England, c.1680-1851”, Past & Present 126 (1990), 115-50.

GRIFFITHS, P., “The structure of prostitution in Elizabethan London”, Continuity and Change 8, 1 (1993), 39-63.

GRIFFITHS, P., FOX, A., and HINDLE, S. (eds), The experience of authority in early modern England (1996), ch. 5, 6.

GRIFFITHS, P., Youth and authority. Formative experiences in England, 1560-1640 (1996).

GRUBB, F., “Fatherless and friendless: factors influencing the flow of English emigrant servants”, Journal of Economic History 52, 1 (1992), 85-108.

HENDERSON, T., Disorderly women in eighteenth-century London. Prostitution and control in the metropolis, 1730-1830 (1999).

KUSSMAUL, A., Servants in husbandry in early modern England (1981).

LANE, J., Apprenticeship in England, 1600-1914 (1996).

LORD, E., “‘Weighed in the balance and found wanting’: female friendly societies, self help and economic virtue in the east midlands in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries”, Midland History 22 (1997), 100-12.

MACDONALD, M. and MURPHY, T. R., Sleepless souls. Suicide in early modern England (Oxford, 1990).

OTTAWAY, S., “Providing for the elderly in eighteenth-century England”, Continuity and Change 13 (1998), 391-418.

OTTAWAY, S., Power and poverty: old age in the pre-industrial past (2002).

PELLING, M. and SMITH, R. M. (eds), Life, death, and the elderly (1991), ch. 3.

PELLING, M., “Illness among the poor in an early modern town; the Norwich census of 1570”, Continuity and Change 3, 2 (1988), 273-90.

PELLING, M., The common lot. Sickness, medical occupations and the urban poor in early modern England (1998).

PORTER, R. (ed.), Patients and practitioners. Lay perceptions of medicine in pre-industrial society (1985) ch.1,3,6,8-10.

PORTER, R., “The people’s health in Georgian England”, in HARRIS, T. (ed.), Popular culture in England, c.1500-1850 (1995), 124-42.

PORTER, S., “Order and disorder in the early modern almshouse: the Charterhouse example”, London Journal 23 (1998), 1-14.

RAZZELL, P., “The growth of population in eighteenth-century England: a reappraisal”, Journal of Economic History 53 (1993), 743-71.

RUSHTON, P., ‘”The matter in variance”: adolescents and domestic conflict in the pre-industrial economy of northeast England, 1600-1800’, Jnl. Social History 25, 1 (1991), 89-107. [from RAH]

SEAVER, P., “A social contract? Master against servant in the Court of Requests”, History Today 39 (1989), 50-6.

SHARPE, P., “Poor children as apprentices in Colyton, 1598-1830”, Continuity and Change 6 (1991), 253-70.

SMITH, S. R., “The London apprentices as seventeenth century adolescents”, Past & Present 61 (1973), 149-61.

THOMPSON, E. P., Customs in common (1991), ch. 8.

WALL, R., “Leaving home and the process of household formation in pre-industrial England”, Continuity and Change 2 (1987), 77-101.

WEAR, A. (ed.), Medicine in society: historical essays (1992), 91-247.

 

FAMILY

BEN-AMOS, I.K., Adolescence and youth in early modern England (1994).

BOULTON, J., ‘London widowhood revisited: the decline of female remarriage in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century’, Continuity and Change 5 (1990), 323-55.

BRODSKY, V., “Single women in the London marriage market, 1598-1619”, in R.B. Outhwaite (ed.), Marriage and society (1981), 81-100.

BRODSKY, V., “Widows in Elizabethan London”, in L. BONFIELD et al (eds), The world we have gained (1986),122-54.

DAVIES, K.M., ‘Continuity and change in literary advice on marriage’, in OUTHWAITE, R.B. (ed.), Marriage and society (1981), 58-80.

HOULBROOKE, R.A., The English family, 1450-1700 (1984).

INGRAM, M., Church courts, sex and marriage in England, 1570-1640 (1987) ch.4-10.

MACFARLANE, A., Marriage and love in England, 1300-1840 (1987) ch.4-13.

MASCUCH, M., “Social mobility and middling self-identity: the ethos of British autobiographers, 1600-1750”, Social History 20 (1995), 45-61.

O’HARA, D., “‘Ruled by my friends’: aspects of marriage in the diocese of Canterbury”, Continuity and Change 6, 1 (1991), 9-41.

SHARPE, J., ‘Domestic homicide in early modern England’, Historical Journal 24, 1 (1981), 29-48.

STONE, L., Road to divorce: England, 1530-1987 (1990) ch.1-11.

STONE, L., The family, sex and marriage in England, 1500-1800 (abridged and revised edition, 1979).

STONE, L., Uncertain unions. Marriage in England, 1660-1753 (1992).

TADMOR, N., “The concept of the household family in eighteenth century England”, Past & Present 151 (1996), 111-40.

TADMOR, N., Family and friends in eighteenth-century England (2001).

WRIGLEY, E. A., SCHOFIELD, R. S. and OEPPEN, J. E., English population history from family reconstitution (1997).

 

SYSTEMS OF BELIEF

BURNS, W. E., “‘Our lot is fallen into an age of wonders’: John Spencer and the controversy over prodigies in the early Restoration”, Albion 27, 2 (1995), 237-52.

BURNS, W. E., An age of wonders. Prodigies, politics and providence in England, 1657-1727 (2002).

BUSHAWAY, R., “‘Tacit, unsuspected, but still implicit faith’: alternative belief in nineteenth-century rural England”, HARRIS, T. (ed.), Popular culture in England, c.1500-1850 (1995), 189-215.

CAPP, B., Astrology and the popular press. English almanacs, 1500-1800 (1979) ch.5, 6.

CLARK, S., Thinking with demons. The idea of witchcraft in early modern Europe (1997), esp. part IV.

CRESSY, D., “Purification, thanksgiving, and the churching of women in post-reformation England”, Past & Present 141 (1993), 106-46.

CRESSY, D. and Ferrell, L. A. (eds), Religion and society in early modern England : a sourcebook (1996).

DEWINDT, A., ‘Witchcraft and conflicting visions of the ideal village community’, Journal of British Studies 34, 4 (1995), 427-63.

FRIEDMAN, J., “The battle of the frogs and Fairford’s flies: miracles and popular journalism during the English Revolution”, Sixteenth Century Journal 23 (1992), 419-42.

GENEVA, A., Astrology and the seventeenth century mind (Manchester, 1995).

GOODMAN, D. and RUSSELL, C.A., The rise of scientific Europe, 1500-1800 (1991), ch.8.

GUSKIN, P.J., ‘The context of witchcraft: the case of Jane Wenham (1712)’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 15,1 (1981), 48-71.

HALL, A. R., The revolution in science, 1500-1750 (1962/1983).

HARRISON, P., “Newtonian science, miracles, and the laws of nature”, Journal of the History of Ideas 56, 4 (1995), 531-53.

HOLE, R., “Incest, consanguinity and a monstrous birth in rural England”, Social History 25 (2000), 183-99.

HOLMES, C., “Women: witnesses and witches”, Past & Present 140 (1993), 45-78.

INGRAM, M., “From Reformation to toleration: popular religious cultures in England, 1540-1690”, in HARRIS, T. (ed.), Popular culture in England, c.1500-1850 (1995), 95-123.

JANKOVIC, V., Reading the skies. A cultural history of English weather, 1650-1820 (2001).

LAKE, P., “Puritanism, Arminianism and a Shropshire axe-murder”, Midland History 15 (1990), 37-64.

MACDONALD, M., “The secularisation of suicide in England, 1660-1800”, Past & Present 111 (1986), 50-100.

MACFARLANE, A., The culture of capitalism (1987) ch. 5.

PARK, K. and DASTON, L.J., ‘Monsters in England and France’, Past & Present 92 (1981), 20-54.

REAY, B., ‘Popular religion’, in REAY, B. (ed.), Popular culture in seventeenth century England (1985), 91-128.

SHAPIRO, B., “Early modern intellectual life: humanism, religion and science in seventeenth century England”, History of Science 29 (1991), 45-71.

SHARPE, J., Instruments of darkness. Witchcraft in England, 1550-1750 (1996), ch. 3, 9-11.

THOMAS, K., Religion the decline of magic (1973).

 

RISK AND PROOF

Bernstein, P. L., Against the Gods: the remarkable story of risk (1998).

CLARK, G., Betting on lives: the culture of life insurance in England, 1695-1775 (1999).

DASTON, L., Classical probability in the Enlightenment (1988).

DASTON, L., “Enlightenment calculations”, Critical Inquiry 21 (1994), 182-202.

GASKILL, M., “The displacement of Providence: policing and prosecution in seventeenth and eighteenth century England”, Continuity and Change 11, 3 (1996), 341-74.

GRAFTON, A., Defenders of the Text: Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science 1450-1800 (1991).

HOLE, R., ‘Incest, consanguinity and a monstrous birth in rural England, January 1600’, Social History 25, 2 (2000), 183-99.

SCHOFIELD, R. S., ‘Did the mothers really die? Three centuries of maternal mortality in “The world we have lost”‘, in BONFIELD, L., SMITH, R.M. and WRIGHTSON, K.E. (eds), The world we have gained. Histories of population and social structure (1986), 231-60.

SHAPIN, S., A social history of truth: civility and science in seventeenth-century England (1994), ch. 2, 3.

SHAPIRO, B. J., Probability and certainty in seventeenth-century England (1983).

SHAPIRO, B. J., A culture of fact: England, 1550-1720 (2000).

TODD, M., ‘Providence, chance and the new science in early Stuart Cambridge’, Historical Journal 29 (1986), 697-711.

WALSHAM, A., Providence in early modern England (1999).

WORDEN, B., ‘Providence and politics in Cromwellian England’, Past & Present 109 (1985), 55-99.

 

GENDER 1: BEING FEMALE

BLODGETT, H., Centuries of female days. Englishwomen’s private diaries (1989).

CLARK, A., The working life of women in the seventeenth century (1919).

CRAWFORD, P., ‘Attitudes to menstruation in seventeenth-century England’, Past & Present 91 (1981), 47-73.

CRAWFORD, P., Women and religion in England, 1500-1720 (1993).

CRESSY, D., “Gender trouble and cross-dressing in early modern England”, Jnl. British Studies 35, 4 (1996), 438-65.

EARLE, P., The making of the English middle class... London, 1660-1730 (1989) ch.6 and use index.

ERICKSON, A. L., “Common law versus common practice: the use of marriage settlements in early modern England”, Economic History Review 43 (1990), 21-39.

ERICKSON, A. L., Women and property in early modern England (1993).

GOWING, L., “Gender and the language of insult in early modern London”, History Workshop 35 (1993), 1-21.

GRIFFITHS, P., “The structure of prostitution in Elizabethan London”, Continuity and Change 8, 1 (1993), 39-63.

GRIFFITHS, P., FOX, A., and HINDLE, S. (eds), The experience of authority in early modern England (1996), ch. 4.

HINDLE, S., “The shaming of Margaret Knowsley: gossip, gender and the experience of authority in early modern England”, Continuity and Change 9 (1994), 391-419.

HOGREFE, P., “Legal rights of Tudor women and their circumvention by men and women”, 16th century Journal 3 (1972), 97-105.

HUGHES, A., “Gender and politics in Leveller literature”, in AMUSSEN, S. D. and KISHLANSKY, M. A. (ed.), Political culture and cultural politics in early modern England (1995), 162-88.

INGRAM, M., “‘Scolding women cucked or washed?’: a crisis in gender relations in early modern England?”, in KERMODE, J. and WALKER, G. (eds), Women, crime and the courts in early modern England (1994), 48-80.

KENT, D.A., “Ubiquitous but invisible: female domestic servants in mid-eighteenth century London”, History Workshop 28 (1989), 111-28.

KING, P., “Customary rights and women’s earnings: the importance of gleaning to the rural labouring poor, 1750-1850”, Economic History Review 44,3 (1991) 461-76.

MENDELSON, S., The mental world of Stuart women: three studies (1987).

PINCHBECK, I., Women workers and the industrial revolution, 1750-1850 (1930).

POLLOCK, L., ‘“Teach her to live under obedience”: the making of women in the upper ranks of early modern England’, Cont. and Change 4 (1989), 231-58.

POLLOCK, L., ‘Childbearing and female bonding in early modern England’, Social History 22, 3 (1997), 286-306.

PORTERFIELD, A., ‘Women’s attraction to puritanism’, Church History 60 (1991), 196-209.

PRIOR, M. (ed.), Women in English society, 1500-1800 (1985).

ROBERTS, M., ‘“Words they are women, and deeds they are men”: images of work and gender in early modern England’, in CHARLES L. and DUFFIN, L. (eds), Women and work in pre-industrial England (1985), 122-80.

ROBERTS, M., , “Women and work in sixteenth century English towns”, in KEENE, D. and CORFIELD, P.J. (eds), Work in towns, 850-1850 (1990) ch.6.

RUSHTON, P., ‘Women, witchcraft and slander in early modern England: cases from the church courts of Durham, 1560-1675’, Northern History 18 (1982), 116-32.

SHARPE, J. A., ‘Defamation and sexual slander in early modern England: the church courts at York’, Borthwick Papers 58 (1980).

SHARPE, J., “Witchcraft and women in seventeenth century England: some northern evidence”, Continuity and Change 6,2 (1991), 179-99.

SHARPE, P., ‘Literally spinsters: a new interpretation of local economy and demography in Colyton in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’, Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd series 44 (1991), 46-65.

SLATER, M., Family life in the seventeenth century. The Verneys of Claydon house (1984) ch.3,4.

SNELL, K.D.M., Annals of the labouring poor. Social change and agrarian England, 1660-1900 (1985) ch.6.

THOMPSON, E. P., Customs in common (1991), ch. 7.

THWAITES, W., “Women in the marketplace: Oxfordshire, c.1690-1800”, Midland History 9 (1984), 23-42.

TLTP computer package: The 18th century town. Section: “Social Structure and Social Relations/ Women and Gender, Widows and Spinsters, Women of the Middling Sort, Gender and Crime”.

TLTP computer package: Social aspects of industrialisation. Section: “Becoming a worker/proletarianisation and gender”.

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6th series, 6 (1996), contributions by Dabhoiwala, Gowing, Walker.

UNDERDOWN, D.E., ‘The taming of the scold: the enforcement of patriarchal authority in early modern England’ and AMUSSEN, S.D., ‘Gender, family and the social order, 1560-1725’, both in FLETCHER, A.J. and STEVENSON, J. (eds), Order and disorder in early modern England (1987), 116-36,196-217.

VALENZE, D., “The art of women and the business of men: women’s work and the dairy industry, c.1740-1840”, Past & Present 130 (1991) 142-69.

WILLEN, D., “Women in the public working sphere in early modern England: the case of the urban working poor”, Sixteenth-Century Jnl. 91,4 (1988), 559-76.

WILSON, A., ‘Participant or patient? Seventeenth century childbirth from the mother’s point of view’, in PORTER, R. (ed.), Patients and practitioners. Lay perceptions of medicine in pre-industrial society (1985), 129-44.

WILSON, A., ‘The perils of early modern procreation: childbirth with or without fear?’, Brit. Jnl. Eighteenth-Century Studies 16, 1 (1993), 1-19.

WRIGHT, S., “‘Churmaids, huswyfes and hucksters’: the employment of women in Tudor and Stuart Salisbury”, in L. CHARLES and L. DUFFIN (eds), Women and work in pre-industrial England (1985), 100-21.

WRIGHT, S., “‘Holding up half the sky’: women and their occupations in eighteenth century Ludlow”, Midland History 14 (1989), 53-74.

 

GENDER 2: MASCULINITY

AMUSSEN, S. D., ‘Féminin/masculin: le genre dans l’Angleterre de l’époque moderne’, Annales E.S.C. 40 (1985), 268-87.

AMUSSEN, S. D., “‘The part of a Christian man’: the cultural politics of manhood in early modern England”, in AMUSSEN, S. D. and KISHLANSKY, M. A. (eds.), Political culture and cultural politics in early modern England (1995), 213-33.

BRAY, A., “Homosexuality and the signs of male friendship in Elizabethan England”, History Workshop Journal 29 (1990), 1-19.

CARTER, A., “Foppery and masculinity”, in BARKER, H. and CHALUS, E. (eds), Gender in eighteenth-century England (1997), 34-56.

CARTER, P., Men and the emergence of polite society. Britain, 1660-1800 (2000).

FOYSTER, E., “Male honour, social control and wife beating in late Stuart England”, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6th series, 6 (1996), 215-24.

FOYSTER, E., Manhood in early modern England (1999).

HARVEY, A. D., “Prosecutions for sodomy in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century”, Historical Jnl. 21, 4 (1978), 939-48.

HERRUP, C., “Gender and honour in the Castlehaven story”, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6th series, 6 (1996), 137-59.

HITCHCOCK, T. and COHEN, M. (eds), English masculinities, 1660-1800 (1999).

HODGKIN, K., ‘Thomas Whythorne and the problems of mastery’, History Workshop Journal 29 (1990), 20-41.

History Workshop Journal 41 (1996), 1-90 on “sex and gender”.

HITCHCOCK, T. and COHEN, M. (eds), English masculinities, 1660-1800 (1999).

MACCUBBIN, R. P. (ed.), ‘Tis nature’s fault: unauthorized sexuality during the Enlightenment (1988), 132-68.

McKEOWN, M., “Historicizing patriarchy: the emergence of gender difference in England, 1660-1760”, Eighteenth-Century Studies 28, 3 (1995), 295-322.

ROLLISON, D., “Property, ideology and popular culture in a Gloucestershire village, 1660-1740”, Past & Present 93 (1981), 79-90.

SHOEMAKER, R., ‘Male honour and the decline of violence in eighteenth-century London’, Socal History 26, 2 (2001), 190-208.

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6th series, 6 (1996), contributions by Dabhoiwala, Gowing, Walker.

STEWART, A., Close readers. Humanism and sodomy in early modern England (1997).

TRUMBACH, R., “Sodomitical subcultures, sodomitical roles, and the gender revolution of the eighteenth-century: the recent historiography”, Eighteenth-Century Life 9, 3 (1985), 109-21, or in MACCUBBIN (1988), 109-21.

TRUMBACH, R., “The birth of the queen: sodomy and the emergence of gender equality in modern culture, 1660-1750”, in M. DUBERMAN et al (eds), Hidden from history (1991), 129-40.

 

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CONSUMPTION AND THE WORLD OF GOODS

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