| Contents |
| Preface to the first edition |
vii |
| Preface to the second edition |
ix |
| |
|
| 1. Introduction |
1 |
| |
|
| 2. The World of the School |
11 |
| |
|
Types of School |
11 |
| |
|
Elementary Schools |
13 |
| |
|
Post-elementary Schools |
24 |
| |
|
Where were the Schools? |
34 |
| |
|
National Literacy Campaigns |
42 |
| |
|
| 3. Ways of Teaching |
61 |
| |
|
Teaching Materials |
61 |
| |
|
Teaching Methods |
69 |
| |
|
Schoolmasters |
72 |
| |
|
Schoolmistresses |
80 |
| |
|
| 4. Higher Education |
83 |
| |
|
Universities |
83 |
| |
|
Who went to University? |
90 |
| |
|
| 5. Ways of Learning |
99 |
| |
|
Outside the School |
100 |
| |
|
Desire for Learning |
106 |
| |
|
Limitations |
116 |
| |
|
| 6. Sources and Measures of Literacy |
125 |
| |
|
Indirect Measures |
125 |
| |
|
Direct Measures |
129 |
| |
|
|
|
| 7. Profiles of Literacy |
141 |
| |
|
Rich and Poor |
142 |
| |
|
Men and Women |
144 |
| |
|
Town and Country |
146 |
| |
|
Old and Young |
155 |
| |
|
Catholic and Protestant |
157 |
| |
|
Numeracy |
162 |
| |
|
Change |
166 |
| |
|
| 8. Books and Readers |
173 |
| |
|
Book Production |
173 |
| |
|
Censorship |
181 |
| |
|
Book Distribution |
187 |
| |
|
Newspapers |
192 |
| |
|
Broadsheets and Chapbooks |
196 |
| |
|
The Price of Books |
203 |
| |
|
Book Ownership |
204 |
| |
|
Book Readership |
211 |
| |
|
Understanding |
218 |
| |
|
|
|
| 9. Language, Orality and the Uses of Literacy |
227 |
| |
|
Language |
227 |
| |
|
Innovation and 'Modernisation' |
239 |
| |
|
Oral and Aural Culture |
245 |
| |
|
| 10. Conclusion |
261 |
| |
|
|
|
| Bibliography |
267 |
| Index |
289 |
